Obbligo di installare solo caldaie a condensazione. Addio alla vecchia caldaia a gas

A settembre del 2014 la lampadina ad incandescenza è stata definitivamente bandita dall’UE, quale ennesima vittoria postuma di Tesla sul rivale Edison. Ora tocca alla vecchia caldaia a gas: dal 26 settembre 2015 sarà possibile immettere in commercio e installare solo caldaie a condensazione ad alto rendimento, ai sensi del D.Lgs.  n. 201 del 6 novembre 007 , il quale recepisce la Direttiva Europea 2005/32/CE, soprannominata “Eco-Design“.

RISCALDAMENTO: CAMINI E STUFE A LEGNA

 

Il regolamento Ecodesign introduce una nuova etichettatura energetica sugli standard minimi di efficienza per le caldaie. In particolare, si prevede una classificazione energetica da A+ a G per gli apparecchi di riscaldamento degli ambienti e da A a G per gli apparecchi per la produzione di acqua calda sanitaria (ACS). Da qui l’obbligo di installare solo caldaie a condensazione, ovvero generatori di calore in grado di recuperare gran parte del calore latente contenuto nei fumi che, altrimenti, andrebbe disperso nel camino, così come avviene nelle caldaie tradizionali. Il calore recuperato viene ceduto all’impianto di riscaldamento, raggiungendo così un rendimento oltre il 106% contro il 92-95% della caldaia tradizionale e l’84-85% dei vecchi generatori tradizionali a gasolio. In realtà, l’efficienza superiore al 100% è il solito miraggio creato dai guru del marketing e quindi imposto dall’incompetente casta politica come se fosse l’ultimo ritrovato della scienza.

Schemi di funzionamento di due tipi di caldaia a condensazione: a camera di combustione aperta e aspirazione alla base del camino (sinistra) e a camera di combustione stagna con immissione d’aria forzata (destra). Immagine in licenza WikiCommons, autore Kalbody. Legenda: 1- Entrata del gas 2- Entrata dell’aria 3- Uscita fumi 4- Ritorno dai radiatori 5- Ai radiatori 6- Acqua condensata

In realtà, si tratta semplicemente di un gioco di prestigio con le definizioni di potere calorifico di un combustibile e di efficienza dei generatori di calore. Sappiamo che tutti i combustibili composti da carbonio e idrogeno -come gli idrocarburi in generale, ma anche legna, torba e biocarburanti- possiedono due poteri calorifici: il PCI (potere calorifico inferiore) ed il PCS (potere calorifico superiore).

  • PCI: Il potere calorifico inferiore. Il potere calorifico inferiore rappresenta il calore sprigionato dalla combustione, al netto del calore latente di condensazione dell’acqua, che si forma per la combinazione dell’idrogeno contenuto nel combustibile e l’ossigeno atmosferico, e vale 47,7 MJ/kg nel caso del gas naturale;
  • PCS: Il potere calorifico superiore. Il potere calorifico superiore rappresenta il calore lordo prodotto dalla combustione, e vale 54 MJ/kg per il gas naturale, cioè 1,13 volte il PCI.

Convenzionalmente, gli strumenti per la misura dell’efficienza della combustione effettuano il calcolo utilizzando il PCI come parametro di riferimento. Poiché le caldaie a condensazione recuperano una frazione del calore latente del vapore acqueo, il calcolo dell’efficienza riferito al PCI darà sempre un valore superiore al 100%. Poiché il PCS del gas naturale è il 13% maggiore del suo PCI, una tipica caldaia a condensazione, con il 106% di efficienza rispetto al PCI, in realtà, ha solo il 93,8% di efficienza termodinamica riferita al PCS.

I VANTAGGI DELLE CALDAIE A CONDENSAZIONE

Comunque, al di là delle convenzioni normative e delle campagne di marketing, l’obbligo di installare una caldaia a condensazione comporta due vantaggi tangibili per l’utente e la società.

Da una parte, a parità di consumo termico, si riduce dal 10% al 15% il consumo di gas naturale, e di conseguenza si riducono anche le emissioni di CO2 dello stesso valore. Dall’altro canto, ogni processo di combustione comporta sempre l’inevitabile formazione di tracce di NOx, gas con un potenziale di effetto serra di circa 290 volte maggiore di quello della CO2, e inoltre è il principale responsabile delle piogge acide, perché reagisce con il vapore acqueo prodotto dalla combustione e con l’umidità presente nell’atmosfera, producendo gli acidi nitrico e nitroso, entrambi potenti agenti corrosivi ed inquinanti. Nelle caldaie a condensazione, le emissioni di NOx al camino sono minime, perché gli acidi sono estremamente solubili e vengono evacuati assieme all’acqua di condensa. Per fortuna, le acque fognarie possiedono un’alcalinità elevata, e cioè capace di neutralizzare facilmente gli acidi, quindi non c’è da temere la corrosione delle tubazioni di scarico.

GLI ASPETTI NEGATIVI DELLA NORMATIVA

Vediamo i tre aspetti negativi della normativa in questione:

  1. Risparmio minimo per i cittadini: Il risparmio per i cittadini, misurato in soldi, non sarà molto, in quanto le principali voci di costo nella bolletta del gas sono i criptici termini fissi, che foraggiano le multinazionali degli idrocarburi, le inevitabili tasse, e l’IVA sulle tasse. Quindi si andrà a risparmiare il 15% su una frazione del costo totale di riscaldamento.
  2. Non si tende a sostituire i combustibili fossili: La direttiva Ecodesign non tende a sostituire i combustibili fossili, semplicemente definisce delle efficienze minime nel loro utilizzo. Pertanto, la sostituzione delle caldaie tradizionali con caldaie a condensazione è un passo inevitabile e necessario per lo sviluppo sostenibile, ma prolungherà ancora la dipendenza della nostra società dall’insostenibile gas naturale. Sarà dunque solo un palliativo, a meno che lo Stato italiano non cambi politica e faciliti la possibilità di produrre biometano con la FORSU e di immetterlo in rete, rimpiazzando finalmente il gas naturale con una alternativa sostenibile.
  3. La neutralizzazione di acidi nitrici e nitroso: Benché le fognature abbiano alcalinità sufficiente per neutralizzare gli acidi nitrici e nitroso contenuti nella condensa, man mano che aumenterà il numero di nuove caldaie installate aumenterà di pari passo la concentrazione di nitriti e nitrati che gli impianti di trattamento delle acque fognarie dovranno denitrificare. Non sembra che i legislatori europei abbiano debitamente valutato la conseguenza negativa dovuta alla combustione con il recupero di calore dalla condensa, e non si desume dalla Direttiva in questione nessun provvedimento che preveda i fondi e le modalità per il potenziamento della capacità di depurazione delle acque attualmente esistente.

Purtroppo, dobbiamo anche prendere atto che la vecchia caldaia, a bruciatore atmosferico di gas non sparirà del tutto, almeno nel breve-medio termine. In deroga alle nuove normative, già menzionate, le cosiddette caldaie “a camera aperta” o “a tiraggio naturale” si potranno ancora installare,  quando la sostituzione di una vecchia caldaia con una caldaia a condensazione non sia possibile per problemi legati alla canna fumaria collettiva di alcuni edifici multifamiliari. Purtroppo, nel nostro Paese sono tanti gli edifici costruiti con canne fumarie collettive in base a spiccioli criteri di economia dei “palazzinari”. Non mancherà neanche l’idraulico “furbo” che, con la scusa della canna fumaria, rifilerà ai clienti poco informati qualche vecchia caldaia comprata con “maxisconto” prima del 26 settembre, anche non sussistendo nessun problema obiettivo.

Per concludere, ricordiamo che serve a poco sostituire una vecchia caldaia con una più efficiente, se di pari passo, non si migliora la gestione del consumo considerando anche il comfort globale dell’edificio, e le abitudini degli utenti. Secondo un noto fabbricante di caldaie, la sostituzione del vecchio termostato “on/off” con i nuovi modelli “intelligenti”, capaci di modulare la potenza della caldaia a seconda di una serie di fattori interni ed esterni e dotati di  programmi capaci di “imparare” a gestire l’impianto sulla base delle abitudini ed orari dell’utente o istruzioni da esso fornite via tablet o smartphone, può comportare di per sé un’economia dell’ordine del 10% del consumo totale di gas.

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